Konuşmada Atlanan Önemli İngilizce Kurallar
Öneriler
- Advise is the most formal and is used with subjects like doctor, teacher, counselor, government official, etc.
- Suggest is more informal and is used to express an idea or opinion.
- Recommend is more personal and is used when the speaker is giving a suggestion based on personal experience.
with Noun
- He recommended the restaurant down the street (to us).
- The designer suggested the color blue for the living room (to us).
- My doctor advised exercise after my heart attack.
with Pronoun
- The manager advised us on the new protocols.
- His counselor will advise him to start applying to the local colleges.
Gerund
- The concierge recommends taking a guided tour of the island.
- She suggested shopping at farmers markets instead of grocery stores.
- Health experts don’t advise swimming right after eating.
Infinitive
- My teacher advised us to study.
Noun Clause (Subjunctive Mode)
- My friend recommended that he take a taxi home from the party.
- The sales clerk suggested that she put the dress on hold.
- She is advising that he finish our project today.
Subjunctive Mode
The subjunctive is mainly used when talking about events that are not certain to happen but somebody:
- wants to happen
- anticipates will happen
- imagines happening
Reporting Suggestions
When verbs with the general meaning of demand, suggestion, request, requirement and priority are used with a noun clause, we must use a base verb.
- advise
- ask
- command
- demand
- desire
- insist
- order
- prefer
- propose
- recommend
- request
- suggest
- urge
The noun clause usually starts with the word 'that' and contains a subject, base verb, and possibly an object. The noun clause usually occupies the object position of the main sentence:
S + V + (that + S + V + O)
- His boss demanded that he work overtime.
- Her teacher suggested that she study for three hours last night.
- I prefer that he speak to me directly
The subjunctive form is also used for giving strong suggestions or commands. Certain adjectives (adjectives of importance) in the independent clause will result in the base form of the verb in the dependent “that” clause.
Adjective of importance + that + base verb
Some common adjectives that follow this pattern include:
Adjective of importance + that + base verb
Some common adjectives that follow this pattern include:
- advisible
- best
- crucial
- desirable
- important
- necessary
- imperative
- essential
- vital
- urgent
- It was important that he call me yesterday.
- It is essential that the operator of this machine remain calm during an emergency.
- I think it is necessary that your dog be kept on a leash while in this area.
The Second Conditional
The second conditional, also known as the unreal conditional, follows this pattern:If + past, would + base verb
It is used to show an unlikely or impossible outcome that probably wouldn’t happen. The subjunctive mood becomes apparent when we use the be verb. This verb always takes the form of were, no matter what the subject is. It’s a holdover from long ago when we used certain forms to express mood far more often than we do nowadays.
- If I were rich, I’d travel around the world.
- If he weren’t so lazy, he would get good grades.
Wish
Another case where the subjunctive is used in English is with the verb 'wish'. When 'wish' is used in the independent clause, the 'be' verb always takes the form 'were' in the dependent clause when there is a present or future meaning.We use 'were' to indicate a hypothetical or unreal situation. It’s good to get them to memorize the pattern wish + were.
- I wish I were able to go to Vegas with you next month, but there’s no way I can get the time off work.
- She wishes that she were taller.
As If
- She acts as if she were the Queen.
Suppose
- Suppose she were here. What would you say?
Wish indicates an impossible or unlikely situation (much like the second conditional); use were, a past verb, a past perfect verb, or would + verb.I wish you would stop growing so fast.
Hope indicates a possible situation (much like the first conditional); use a present verb or will + verb.
- I hope he feels better soon.
Say vs Tell
Basically the word 'say' refers to the action of using words to convey some instruction, information, opinions or thoughts. The word 'tell' refers to giving some kind of instruction or information to someone specific, in speech or writing.
Say and tell are both used to report ideas or information that was expressed in spoken language. The most important difference between them is that with say, you don’t need to mention who the ideas or information were shared with, but with tell, you do. For example,
it’s correct to say,
“Amy said that she likes coffee,”
but it’s not correct to say,
“Amy told that she likes coffee.”
Instead you must say,
“Amy told me that she likes coffee.”
Another important difference between say and tell is that if a sentence with say identifies the person who was spoken to, you must use say to + the person. However, tell to is incorrect. Here are two sentences with the same meaning that illustrate this difference:
- That’s what Jessie said to me.
- That’s what Jessie told me.
Another difference between say and tell is that tell should not be used to repeat the exact words that someone else said, also known as "direct speech," unless the words give instructions or report information. This rule does not apply to say. Here are two sentences that illustrate this difference:
- Suzi said, “Okay, let’s eat!” (not Suzi told us, “.....”)
- Suzi told us, “Come eat!” (Come eat is an instruction.)
Reported Switch
Direct Speech
- Susan: “Mary works in an office.”
- Introductory sentence in the Simple Present → Susan says (that)* Mary works in an office.
- Introductory sentence in the Simple Past → Susan said (that)* Mary worked in an office.
- Susan: “I work in an office.”
Reported Speech
- Susan said (that)* she worked in an office.
- Peter: “I work in the garden.”
- Peter said (that)* he worked in the garden.
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
|---|---|
| Simple forms | |
| Simple Present | Simple Past |
| Simple Past | Past Perfect - had |
| Present Perfect | |
| Past Perfect | |
| will | would |
| Progressive forms | |
| am/are/is | was/were |
| was/were | had been |
| has been | |
| had been | |
If there is an expression of time/place in the sentence, it may be changed, depending on the situation.
- Peter: “I worked in the garden yesterday.”
Reported Speech
- Peter said (that) he had worked in the garden the day before.
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
|---|---|
| this evening | that evening |
| today/this day | that day |
| these days | those days |
| now | then |
| a week ago | a week before |
| last weekend | the weekend before / the previous weekend |
| next week | the following week |
| tomorrow | the next/following day |
| here | there |
Present and past tenses can be used, when statements are still true:
- John: “My brother is at Leipzig university.”
- John said (that) his brother was at Leipzig university. or
- John said (that) his brother is at Leipzig university.
or
when you use general statements.
- Mandy: “The sun rises in the east.”
- Mandy said (that) the sun rose in the east. or
- Mandy said (that) the sun rises in the east.
In Yes/No question form 'if/whether' is used instead of 'that'. If a question word is used in the question, the question word is used in the reported speech.
- Susan: “Does Mary work in an office?”
- Susan asks if/whether Mary works in an office.
Direct Speech
- Peter: “ When do you play football?”
- Peter asked me when I played football.
Direct Speech
- Dad: “Do your homework.”
Reported Speech
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